SPV wallets check the merkle proof of a transaction which proves that the network has accepted it. They do not check the consensus rules themselves. The fact that the network accepted the tx means that it passed consensus rules.
When you say “network accepted the transaction” what does that mean?
That means that nodes relayed it and/or it's been accepted into a block
What nodes? Because I think you said SPV nodes require the network to have already excepted it?
nodes as in full nodes/miners
Ok so someone will have to be downloading every block?
yes, but it's mostly going to be business entities and hobbyists that have any need or desire to run a full node
But could we agree that the data requirements could turn away a lot of people from the ability to run a node?
sure, that's just the cost of doing business
But you don’t think geographically dispersing the entire network is important? Or having as many copies of the network as possible is important?
geographical distribution is important but there are datacenters all over the world, it's literally a non-issue. I could spin up a node in Singapore right this second if I wanted to
Where’s the data stored?
It is about scale, yes. But stating that nothing will be run because of theoretical sizes later on is like stating that no one will run cars because not everyone can own a gas station. Will you be turned away from running a cab service just because you cannot build a gas station in your backyard? No, you likely won't. You will happily own the car and run the service knowing that there are other nodes (gas stations) you can connect to when you need new information (gas).
I shared with you the global statistics for average (i.e. not above average) bandwidth speeds. 32 MB blocks can be run pretty much anywhere nowadays.
Do we know the current amount of transactions that happen on BTC,BCH,LTC, and Lightning?
yes, because all you need to validate a TX is in that TX you're interested in. The only thing you can't verify is whether the coins it's spending are real coins, and in case of SPV you trust that others have checked it else the TX wouldn't be embedded in the blockchain (you verify that part with the header chain)
it means that you know that the TX has been mined and has X confirmations
Why would I run a node even now? It's inconvenient and doesn't give me more utility than just using light wallets connected to Electrum servers. I never ran a node as an user. Light wallets ftw. I ran a node because I was interested in data mining the blockchain.
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